3.1 Mining and energy
Kosovo has an enviable endowment of natural resources. At 14.7 million tons, Kosovo possesses the world’s fifth-largest proven reserves of lignite. This mineral is of outstanding importance for the country, representing in the long term one of the most crucial factors for the generation of power. Furthermore, at an exploitation cost of 1.1 Euro/GJ of energy, Kosovo’s coal definitely represents the best value for money in the region.
Taking into consideration the high market demand for energy in the region, the Government of Kosovo is currently developing major projects regarding new lignite exploitation and power generation facilities. These projects offer unique opportunities for companies willing to engage in the energy or mining sectors in the region.
Apart from lignite, base-metal mining has been a mainstay of Kosovo’s economy since pre-Roman times. Modern mining in this field began in the 1930s, when the Trepça Complex (a mining company in the north of Kosovo) was revamped by the British Company “Selection Trust”. Zinc, lead, silver, gold, cadmium and bismuth are exploited along Trepça’s Mineral Belt.
The lead and zinc reserves of Kosovo are estimated to around 48 million tons, those of nickel to 16 million tons. Chrome reserves amount to 89 million tons and bauxite reserves to 13.2 million tons.
There are different mines that can either be acquired through the ongoing privatization procedures or can be revamped by entering joint ventures with private owners. For details regarding the specific mining possibilities within the privatization process please contact the Kosovo Privatization Agency.
3.2 Agriculture
Kosovo is well endowed with agricultural land. Out of a total surface of 1.1 million ha app. 588,000 ha or 53 percent is cultivable land.
With some 60 percent of the population living in rural areas and mostly working in agriculture, Kosovo has a long agricultural tradition. Currently, the sector of agriculture contributes 25 percent to the GDP and is the main source of income for the majority of the population. It is one of the most important employment providers in Kosovo and it accounts for 18 percent of the value of exports.
The arable land in Kosovo is considered to be of good quality. Combined with the temperate climate that prevails throughout the country, very good conditions for the agricultural production exist. These factors, together with sufficient natural irrigation possibilities, enables Kosovar farmers to achieve high yields per ha in every sub-sector of agriculture. In comparison to other countries, Kosovo additionally offers a very flexible and cost effective labour force and, due to trade liberalization within the CEFTA region, a free access to the market consisting of 28 million consumers.
Based on the area and average yield per ha, certainly the most important fields of agriculture in Kosovo are the vegetable and grain sectors. However, Kosovo is also well known as a provider of different types of fruits and grapes. Kosovo has substantial acres of vineyards largely dedicated to the production of Amselfelder branded wine for sale in Germany. Cabernet Franc, Merlot, and Gamay are all planted here. Due to its geographical composition, Kosovo also offers very good condition for livestock farming.
In order to improve the competitiveness of the sector and consequently stimulate the local production, the Government of Kosovo has recently introduced different incentives for farmers and processors. The zero percent rate for most agricultural inputs and capital goods, together with VAT exemption for a wide range of agricultural inputs, have been designed to strengthen local production and enable it to further compete with foreign products.
The promotion of the product processing businesses, support for exports and simple access to favourable financial means are some additional steps that, together with sufficient investor interest, will turn around this segment of Kosovo‘s economy and lead to the creation of a large export business.
3.3 Food Processing
The agro-processing in Kosovo has traditionally been dominated by socially owned enterprises, which used to obtain a substantial part of the raw materials from thousands of private farmers. Currently, the former socially owned companies in this field are not active. New private companies have started their operations in this field in recent years and their production is showing significant and continuous increase. The majority of local processors are still relatively small and able to cover just a minor part of the processed vegetable demand. According to estimations, local processors cover just some 30 percent of the local market needs, with the remaining balance being imported.
Lack of financial means needed for the revitalisation and modernisation of existing capacities and insufficient management efforts to reorganize production and distribution, cause a still low capacity utilisation. Therefore, the technical capacities of some agro-processing companies are currently not utilised to a high extent.
By addressing financial issues, assuring new markets and introducing new and efficient management techniques, the agro-processing industry in Kosovo could once again achieve high production rates, thus being able to compete with foreign products in international markets. Direct support for the development of private farming would also be achieved, thus enabling significant support to the development of a purely organic agriculture in general.
There are numerous agro-industries in Kosovo with high market potential, offering potential investor immediate access to suppliers of raw materials, substantial inherited capital, technical capability and promising market prospects. The cheap workforce and the custom and tax incentives offered for agricultural inputs and capital goods, furthermore affirm the opportunities available in this business field in Kosovo.
Also taking into consideration the low prices of primary products, this field is very profitable and has the potential to expand into foreign markets. Recognising the potential, some foreign companies have already started to cooperate with local partners and are also taking advantage of Kosovo’s friendly tax and customs system in order to offer competitive products in European markets.
3.4 Livestock and poultry
At present, Kosovo is experiencing a livestock recovery process. Livestock farming has made great strides in recent years – both in the number and yield.
In particular, there are two main factors in favour of livestock investments in Kosovo. Firstly, the country offers very good natural and climatic conditions for various types of livestock farming. Secondly, market demand for livestock farming products is currently much higher than domestic production. The planned revitalisation of the food processing industry will furthermore create higher opportunities for livestock farming in the future.
Recently introduced supportive governmental policies and incentives aim to promote business opportunities in this field and should enable Kosovo to rely increasingly on domestic meat and dairy production in the near future, or even enable Kosovo to export high quality organic products.
Currently, the most significant obstacle facing Kosovo’s meat producers is still the reopening of export markets. With Kosovo’s geographical location and its close proximity to non-EU countries such as Albania, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Turkey, a short-term pragmatic approach could be to initially focus on meat exports to these destinations, with the possibility of expanding into EU markets when conditions allow.
3.5 Vineyards
Grape-growing and wine production has a long tradition in Kosovo. While local small-scale wine – production was developed rampantly during the last two centuries, the wine industry in Kosovo became large-scale in the 1970s with the founding of the first larger SOEs. During its “glory days”, the wine industry benefited from 9,000 ha vineyard area, divided into private and public ownership, and spread mainly throughout the south and west of Kosovo. The four state-owned wine production facilities were not as much “wineries” as they were “wine factories”. Only the Rahovec facility that held app. 36 percent of the total vineyard area had the capacity of around 50 million litres annually. The major share of the wine production was intended for exports. At its peak in 1989, the exports from the Rahovec facility amounted to 40 million litres and were mainly distributed to the German market.
The viniculture still represents one of the most important sectors of the Kosovar agriculture, with a good potential to attract foreign investments. The continental climate and the height of 300-400 meters above the sea level are incredibly well-suited to vineyards and the development of wine grapes. There are more than 200 sunny days annually to help ripen the grapes, on par with some well known wine production regions. These advantages create very good conditions for the qualitative wine production in Kosovo.
The wine industry in Kosovo currently consists of some 5,000 ha of vineyards. In order to stimulate and support grape-growing and wine production, the Government of Kosovo has passed a Wine Law that governs wine production at a high standard and is perhaps one of the finest in the world for such a small growing region such as Kosovo.
The creation of the Wine Institute in Rahovec in 2007 that will lead the change towards quality and technology-based wine-making techniques is also an important step towards the revitalisation and modernisation of the wine industry in the future.
3.6 Tourism
The natural values of Kosovo represent high quality tourism resources. The description of Kosovo’s potential in tourism is closely related to the geographic position of Kosovo. Its position in south-eastern Europe, with a central position in the Balkan Peninsula, represents a crossroad which historically dates back to Illyrian and Roman times.
The mountainous south of Kosovo has great potential for winter tourism. One of the most interesting opportunities for foreign investors in this region is the skiing resort Brezovica in the Sharr Mountains. The resort, situated between 1,700 and 2,500 meters above the sea level, has been offered for privatization by the Kosovo Privatisation Agency. It offers excellent weather and snow conditions as well as long ski seasons from November to May.
Assets of Brezovica also include three hotels with 680 rooms, two Restaurants and nine ski lifts with transport capacity of 10,000 skiers per hour. Through its proximity to Prishtina Airport (60 km) and Skopje Airport (70 km), the resort is a possible destination for international tourists and has the potential to become the most favourable winter tourism destination in the Balkans.
Also in the Sharr Mountains in the very south of the country, bordering Macedonia and Albania, Kosovo is offering for privatization about 22,000 hectares of largely untouched land in the mountainous area, belonging to the socially owned enterprise “Sharrprodhimi”. The region offers excellent tourism opportunities, such as skiing, eco-tourism, paragliding, mountain biking, rock climbing, trekking, kayaking, horse riding, etc. The Sharrprodhimi land in the municipality of Dragash is stunningly beautiful. It is clearly a remarkable property for eco-tourism, and will only be sold to a proven investor who is committed to a sustainable and rational development program which will have strong local support.
Apart from the above-mentioned tourism resorts, Kosovo is generally rich with mountains, artificial lakes and rivers and therefore also offers prime possibilities for hunting and fishing.
The wellness-tourism in Kosovo also offers great potential for development. The numerous thermal springs of Kosovo are well known in the region for their healing effects. Foreign investors in this field will find high demand in the regional market.
The widespread production of rare artisan crafts in Kosovo, such as the Filigree, represents an attraction for foreign tourists. In addition, Kosovo has the potential to develop cultural tourism with numerous religious and other sites with extraordinary cultural-historical value.
3.7 Automotive components industry
The origins of the automotive components industry in Kosovo date back to the 1960s, when the first large scale auto components manufacturing companies were founded. Although these manufacturing units were primarily established to supply different parts for the production of Yugoslav vehicles, they very quickly penetrated foreign markets and cooperated with well-known European and American automotive component manufacturers. The two best known flagships of automotive component industrialization in Kosovo were the Ramiz Sadiku, which produced primarily car seats and small vehicle parts, and the Shock Absorber Factory Prishtina, which produced shock absorbers for various well-known brands such as British Armstrong, German Susta as well as French Peugeot among others. Between 1989 and 1990 the Shock Absorber Factory produced 3.3 million units each year and employed over 1,500 workers.
With the loss of foreign markets as a result of political circumstances during the 1990s, the Kosovar component manufacturers were faced with immense financial problems and consequently many of them had to rethink their business philosophy in order to survive in the global market. Although the current output of these enterprises is still considered to be low, re-established links with the traditional partners bode well for a prospective development of this sector. The existing technology, large capacities and sufficient knowledge allow the automotive component industry to produce and support any OEM [Original Equipment Manufacturer] with parts at a competitive cost.
Furthermore, the trend of shifting production to Central and Eastern Europe makes the Kosovar automotive component industry even more interesting for investors or partners wishing to benefit from increasing opportunities in the region.
3.8 Textiles
With over 200 years of tradition, textiles were the second largest industrial sector in Kosovo, after mining. In the past, products from Kosovar manufacturers targeted the local market, as well as other markets throughout the former Yugoslavia, Western and Eastern Europe and the United States. At its peak around 1990, each of the 15 SOEs engaged in textile production employed more than 1,000 people and sales totalled some 35 million Euro.
Recent developments in the region have frozen the primary trading links of the textile industry, causing lower production rates and resulting in a lack of competitiveness with foreign products. As a result, a major share of former SOE workers has become redundant. A minor part has, however, established private textile companies. Currently there are some 451 private companies engaged in textile production, out of which 90 percent are final product manufacturers. Although the textile industry has experienced a significant recovery during the past years, the majority of businesses are still small and take the form of micro enterprises. Consequently, they cater solely for the Kosovo market and are primarily geared towards a niche market.
Analysis indicates that some 55 to 65 million Euro in exports could be reached, assuming that trading links with former partners can be re-established. There is considerable scope in this sector for investors to recreate a vertically integrated manufacturing cluster so that Kosovo would once again produce finished clothing from thread and cloth made in the region.
In particular, Kosovo offers three major benefits for investors wishing to revamp one of the existing SOEs or found a new textile manufacturing company. These are:
- A cheap, well skilled and experienced work force
- A solid base of technology that can be acquired through the ongoing privatization process
- Numerous subcontracting and outsourcing possibilities
With the existing know-how, cheap labour force and other comparative advantages that the country offers, including the friendly business and investment environment, the textile industry in Kosovo has therefore the potential to become highly competitive internationally.
3.9 Construction
During past years the construction industry became one of the most important sectors contributing to Kosovo’s economic growth. Financed mainly through foreign aid, the construction sector in Kosovo has so far utilised several hundred million Euro that were primarily used for the construction of new homes, or for the rehabilitation and development of the road infrastructure respectively.
The construction industry remains a sector with highly promising economic potential for Kosovo. Roughly estimated, in order to meet the existing market demand, in the next few years Kosovo will need some 60,000 new apartments, including the associated infrastructure, such as roads, kindergartens, schools, leisure facilities, restaurants etc.
A further factor which is helping to boost the development of this sector is the demand for road and highway construction. The Government of Kosovo has set itself a goal to connect the country in three main directions with the most important international road corridors in Macedonia, Albania and Serbia. The construction of a highway, which will connect the northern and central parts of Kosovo with Skopje (FYROM), is a mid-term goal of the Government. A much more important project represents the building of a highway between Merdare-Kukës-Durrës, which will connect Kosovo with the sea port of Durrës, Albania. This highway will become a part of the Trans European Corridor X that will connect the Adriatic Sea with the Western Europe.
Improvements of the road infrastructure and the construction of the highway to Albania will be financed through foreign investments. In order to legally enable the Private-Public-Partnerships, the Government in Kosovo has adopted the law on concessions in June 2009 (Law Nr. 2009/03-L-090). Additionally, the law on expropriation was also adopted in March 2009.
3.10 Information Technology and Telecommunications
The IT sector in Kosovo, including Internet Service Providers, has seen a remarkable development since the end of the war in 1999. From being inexistent 10 years ago, Kosovar companies in the IT sector offer today high quality services and the latest technologies to their customers both locally as well as to foreign companies who want to outsource their software development or support centres.
Kosovo has the youngest population in Europe. It is both skilled and multilingual, with English being only just short of an official language due to international administration in the last nine years. In addition, many Kosovars who have studied abroad are now returning to Kosovo, bringing with them skills and know-how. Today, public and private education institutions in the IT field, supported by companies such as CISCO or Microsoft, provide education to thousands of young Kosovars while the demand for this form of training is still rising.
Be it the outsourcing of software development, data management or establishment of call and support centres , Kosovar companies can offer you high quality services at low costs.
Even though Kosovo has one of the lowest internet user rates in the region, the demand is much higher than the offer, providing great opportunities for foreign investors.
Kosovo has two mobile telephony operators, with over 200 million Euro investment by the Slovenian Telecom for one of them. The state-owned mobile telephony operator VALA with over 850,000 users will be available for privatization soon.
In addition, great opportunities for foreign investors are also available in fixed telephony, VoIP, cable TV, etc.
3.11 Wood processing
Forests and related surfaces make up around one third of the total territory of Kosovo and represent a resource of special importance for Kosovo’s economy. With the annual value of wooden products and other benefits arising from forests reaching EUR 50 – 75 million Euro, this sector even assures a livelihood for 10 percent of the Kosovar population.
Due to the sufficient availability of inputs, Kosovo offers great investment possibilities in every single wood processing cycle. The annual allowable amount of felling is currently slightly below 1 million m³ with Beech and Oak being the main species. Potentials for foreign investors range from door and window to different furniture production. There is currently a large pool of companies in Kosovo that could be your cooperation or outsourcing partners.
A large amount of traditionally gained experience, great knowledge in wood processing, and a cost effective labour force make the Kosovar wood industry particularly well suited for the manufacturing of hand made luxury products. In addition, most sawmills in Kosovo only saw logs into rough, mixed grade lumber, and do not appear to recognize, or have not yet explored, the potential value of waste products from lumber production, i.e. sawdust and wood chips.
Taking into consideration all these benefits, Kosovo’s wood processing industry has experienced significant developments during the past eight years. Due to better organisation and sufficient service-providing clusters, Kosovar producers have been able to increase the quality and product range, thereby allowing expansion into foreign markets. Currently, Kosovar wood processors supply furniture both for the domestic and trade markets (for example hotels) to companies in Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and other neighbouring countries.
Through the efforts and engagement of the members of the rich institutional environment of the wood industry, Kosovo is offering various incentives that aim to further promote and facilitate primary and secondary wood production. The Kosovar Government has recently approved a zero tariff rate for the imports of machinery and capital goods related to this sector, while further negotiations for the exception of wood raw material from VAT and Customs policy are currently taking place.